European Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

European Human Rights - Essay Example In this respect, this essay will argue that aside from the HRA's failure to properly incorporate the Convention rights; a more crucial failure is the fact that it leaves courts hesitant to apply the legislation due to the vague guidelines given under section 3 of the Act. As previously mentioned, the HRA is meant to give guarantees to the rights and freedoms embodied in the convention. Among its effects, the Act renders it "unlawful for a public authority to act in a way which is incompatible with a Convention right."4 In addition, it also obliges courts to "[s]o far as possible to do so"5, ensure that "primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with Convention rights"6 and in instances where it is not possible, to "make a declaration of that incompatibility"7. Since the Act came into effect, however, the HRA's significance in successfully protecting the rights and freedoms embodied in the Convention has been limited by the two aforementioned provisions. First, with regard to the obligation posed on authorities under section 6, case law has exhibited difficulties in determining whether or not the person in question of violating the Convention under the HRA is a 'public authority', aptly defined or not. Under section 6, public authorities are defined as "a court or tribunal" or "any person certain of whose functions are functions of a public nature." 8 In this respect, the definition of public authority is imperative because in cases where violations of human rights occurred, individuals can only be awarded damages against public authorities. As defined by the act, damages refer to "damages for an unlawful act of a public authority".9 The definition of public authority is therefore a crucial aspect of enforcing the law, and applying it in courts. However, difficulty lies in determining whether a person has functions that are of public nature and whether public authorities are operating under private transactions. In the case of Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Association Ltd v Donoghue [2002] QB 48, 67, a private body was deemed to be performing public functions, and hence liable under section 6 of the Act.10 In this respect, the case was considered a landmark in case law regarding the definition of public authority, because it called for "a generous interpretation of who is a public authority".11 As a result, the definition of the term achieved what Lord Irvine indicated as a need for an extended and "wide-ranging definition of public authority", in order to extend the liabilities under the HRA "to provide as much protection as possible for the rights of the individual against the misuse of power by the state" preserving parliamentary sovereignty.12 However, the changing nature of government functions, as well as the growing partnership between public and private organizations has rendered this already difficult task more complex. In this respect, Lord Nicholls illustrates this in Aston Cantlow v Wallbank [2004] 1 AC 546, stating that: there is no single test of universal application. There cannot be, given the diverse nature of governmental functions and the variety of means by which these functions are discharged today.

Increase In Private Car Usage Construction Essay

Increase In Private Car Usage Construction Essay This paper shows the public attitude towards new urban transport system. This study was actually taken out when the project was being under construction. Random sampling was done to the people who commute mostly by their own car. People were asked different questions by surveying questionnaire to find travel attitudes. SPSS was used to find results. Most people were not willing to switch from their own car to new urban transport system. By results it was found that current public transport in Lahore is uncomfortable, unsecure, and not reliable. By assuring that new system will be reliable, comfortable and suits you in every respect, most people were still unwilling to switch from car because they dont have trust on govt. To conclude, new system has drawbacks and people attitudes are not eco- friendly. INTRODUCTION Increase in private car usage in developing countries is causing numerous problems. Many big cities of developing world are facing issues like congestion, air pollution etc. Public transport and sustainable modes of travelling are considered to be solution. (Goodwin, 1996; Greene and Wegener, 1997). Lahore is the second populated city of Pakistan. Its population is more than 9 million and about 13.5 million daily people travel in 2006. (Transport Department1, 2012). Population is increasing, private car trend and related problems are exacerbating. In city, public transport is very poorly managed, traffic jams has increased the commuting distance. Lahore Transport Company buses are good but these are in very few routes. Mostly mini-buses which are very poor in condition are major transportation mode. By the last 15 years, increase in population and private vehicles has deteriorated air quality. Vehicle registration has increased from 56 to 116 per 1000 inhabitants. Cars have been increasing 10-15% annually. (Transport Department2, 2012) There were 2129990 total registered vehicles up to June 2009. (Punjab Development Statics, 2010) Public transport is often considered a sustainable mode for transportation. There should be policy measures to increase public transport usage. For that, public transport systems have to be improved by understanding the travel behavior and consumer needs. ( Beirao and Cabral, 2007 ) Rapid Transit System To cope with traffic problems and such issues JICA done a detailed study in Lahore on transportation system. The study plan was for 20 years, two main corridors were identified: Ferozepur Road Corridor 28.7 Km Multan Road Corridor 12.4 Km Ferozpur Road corridor is also called Green Line, which extends from Hamza Town to Shahdara. It goes along Ferozpur Road, Fatima Jinnah Road, The Mall, Lower Mall, Ravi Road and ends on Shahdara through River Ravi. The journey from Hamza Town to Shahdra Station will take about 45 minutes by a regular speed of 33 Km/hr. It is assessed that 380,000 commuters will travel per day in 2015 rising to around 666,000 by 2025. The expected cost of Green Line is 2.4 billion US$, and an EIRR of over 13%. Orange Line is second important line 27 Km long from South west of Lahore at Ali Town to Dera Guran in the North east. It runs along Raiwind Road to Thokar Niazbeg, Multan Road, Lake Road, Macleod Road, GT Raod and ends on east of Ring Road GT Road interchange. The Patronage of this line is projected to be about 330,000 commuters per day in the opening year 2018, going up to 495,000 by 2025. The expected cost is 2.0 billion US$ and EIRR is 10%. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) project also stimulated private sector attention in city transport system. Govt. of Punjab and Lahore Transport Company would make sure investment friendly environment to the private sector to practice protected, comfortable, reliable and inexpensive public transport. Feasibility, design, manufacture, process and maintenance of BRT will be on BOT basis. Therell be electronic fare system and fare will be decided by LTC which can vary with the time. Standards of safety and speed will be sustained. It will save vehicle operational and maintenance cost. Travel time and congestion will decrease resulting in reduced number of road accidents. Economic activities will upturn. By the presence of smoother and safer intra city travel system people will tend to switch from private car to new urban transport system. Thus this will be fuel efficient and sustainable mode. Project implementation is based on Public Private Partnership (PPP) which will resolve finance problem and project will complete in certain time. Private party will be responsible for whole implementation of project. BRT system will take up in the central defined lanes. This will prevent from traffic queues, pedestrians, illegal parked automobiles etc. Passengers will pay on bus stop entering, and every platform of station will be elevated to the height of bus floor. Bus lanes must be maintained by regulatory signing and separated from rest of the traffic by physical barriers. Additional force will be hired to prevent infringement into bus lanes and fines will be charged for illegal entry. Bus way requires two lanes in each course, and one lane will be 10 feet wide in each course. (Transport Department1, 2012 Transport Department2, 2012) METHODOLOGY Data Source: Random sampling was done along the proposed Green Line where project work had been started. It was about long. I did survey in Punjab Secretariat, Govt. College University, Punjab University (old campus), Choburji, 32 Chowk, Urdu Bazar. I selected those people who travel by their private car mostly. I acquired the information by asking questions so that i tried to get relevant and accurate answer. There were 100 questionnaires that I filled by people. Before it I run pilot testing to correct mistakes in our questionnaire. For all the statistical analysis, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used. Then the analytical techniques like frequencies, cross tables, correlations, and regression was done and interpreted the results. VARIABLES: The variables that I used in questionnaire were age, income, education, marital status, gender, family size, commuting distance, time spend on road, usage of public transport, reliability of public transport, reason for using private car, air pollution by car usage, road congestion on road, reliance on new urban transport, willingness to switch from car, reason for not willing. Contingent Evaluation Method: I used CVM method to find willingness to switch from car usage to new urban transport system. CVM is used to find willingness to pay and willingness to accept for some betterment in the system. The method enables us to establish the value of those goods and services that are not exchanged in markets hence prices are not associated with them. Results: Correlations What is your education? Will you switch to new transport system? What is your education? Pearson Correlation 1 .077 Sig. (2-tailed) .444 N 100 100 Will you switch to new transport system? Pearson Correlation .077 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .444 N 100 100 As the value is .077 near to zero it means theres a weak relation between education and willingness to switch. More the education means that theres less willingness to switch from private car usage to public transport. People were not willing to switch either they have highly educated or not. This shows the selfish and non-friendly behavior to environment. Correlations What is your income? Will you switch to new transport system? What is your income? Pearson Correlation 1 .059 Sig. (2-tailed) .562 N 100 100 Will you switch to new transport system? Pearson Correlation .059 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .562 N 100 100 Correlation value is .059 for income, showing also weak relation between income and willingness to switch. More the income person is less likely to switch from car usage to public transport. Regression: The value of regression should be from 0 to 1. The low values education, income and other factors show that the people attitudes are not determined by these factors. They dont care of environment. R- SQUARE: Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .121a .015 -.016 1.018 2 .199b .040 -.022 1.021 3 .214c .046 -.050 1.035 a. Predictors: (Constant), what is your gender? What is your income? What is your age? b. Predictors: (Constant), what is your gender? What is your income? What is your age? What type of is your job? What is your education? What is your commuting distance? c. Predictors: (Constant), what is your gender? What is your income? What is your age? What type of is your job? What is your education? What is your commuting distance? Road congestion increased time spends, comfort and reliability of public transport, new urban transport system is reliable T-value Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients T Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 1.204 .454 2.652 .009 What is your age? .015 .136 .014 .113 .911 What is your income? .064 .153 .050 .417 .677 What is your gender? .212 .204 .106 1.041 .301 2 (Constant) .702 .671 1.047 .298 What is your age? .009 .138 .008 .063 .950 What is your income? .054 .158 .043 .342 .733 What is your gender? .196 .205 .097 .955 .342 What is your education? .094 .176 .056 .537 .593 What type of is your job? .148 .106 .143 1.391 .168 What is your commuting distance? .012 .178 .007 .065 .948 3 (Constant) 1.153 .916 1.260 .211 What is your age? .011 .140 .010 .077 .939 What is your income? .050 .163 .040 .308 .759 What is your gender? .178 .209 .089 .851 .397 What is your education? .087 .182 .051 .481 .632 What type of is your job? .151 .108 .146 1.401 .165 What is your commuting distance? .020 .181 .011 .108 .914 comfort and reliability of public transport -.118 .198 -.063 -.595 .553 new urban transport system is reliable -.028 .127 -.024 -.218 .828 road congestion increased time spend -.045 .107 -.044 -.419 .677 a. Dependent Variable: will you switch to new transport system? Conclusion and Discussion: Road congestion and air pollution is one of the major problems caused by increasing trend of private car usage. Public transport is often considered an effective and environment friendly way of travelling. Rapid transit project in Lahore seems to be effective but people using private car are not willing to switch to this. Most people dont have trust on current government, they dislike this project. Some say that this project would not be completed because this government was going to end sooner. And they didnt believe that itd have security, more comfort, and better management. And many people had the problem that this rapid transit route is specified and their homes were far away. So, if they wanted to travel by mass transit then they had to cover long distance to join it. Some people say that they had to done different tasks in whole day so the timing of rapid transit would not suit them. Only, very less people were agreed on switching to rapid transit because they suffer mostly by traffic jams and cant afford any damage to their car. These all are behaviors of people and they dont depend totally on education, income, marital status, gender, commuting distance etc. By doing all work I concluded that the behavior would all different when the project was completed and bus was started to travel. Mini-buses, vans, and open rickshaws would almost washout. Because these all are in very bad conditions and person only used that due to absence of alternative. So, I think theres no need to tell the people right things but change the situation and conditions so that their attitude becomes environmental friendly. As effective policy making and its implementation can do this.

Paul Robeson Essay -- The Civil Rights Movement

Paul Robeson Paul Robeson as a scholar and athlete was a two-time All-American in football and baseball, a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and valedictorian of his high school and college class. As an entertainer he starred in eleven movies, five Broadway musicals, and sang in sold out concerts throughout the world in twenty-five different languages. As a statesman he became known as the "citizen of the world," who spoke out whenever he saw social or racial injustices in any country, and spent his last years working with Albert Einstein to bring world peace. This magnificent African-American was able to do all these things during a time in America when most African-Americans were denied service at a local restaurant. "He was Michael Jordan before there was a Michael Jordan, Michael Jackson before Michael Jackson. He was also Muhammad Ali. He was the most famous, talented, and outspoken black person in the world, but today many don't really know him at all." (1999, Kane) After excelling in high school, Paul Robeson went to Rutgers College on a four-year academic scholarship. While attending Rutgers he played football, baseball, basketball, and participated in track earning himself fifteen varsity letters. Robeson was a two-time All-American in football and baseball in 1917 and 1918. During his four years at Rutgers he also was elected to all the school's honor societies, which included being one of only four classmates selected to the Phi Beta Kappa his junior year. In 1919, his senior year at Rutgers, Robeson's hard work earned him the honor of being the valedictorian of his class. The speech he gave was full of wisdom beyond his years and time. He titled his speech "The New Idealism," in which he advocated to a majority white... ...eople died to build this country, and I am going to stay right here and have a part in it just like you. And no fascist-minded people will drive me from it. Is that clear?" With those words Robeson made a decision that would determine his fate. He chose his principles and morals over his fame and fortune. After his trial, people were afraid to agree with him because they could be labeled a communist. Undaunted Robeson would continue to sing and speak out for all oppressed people, but sadly lost all real support in the U.S. Paul Robeson was a genuine renaissance man. He was a brilliant scholar, accomplished athlete, dazzling singer, gifted actor, and an outspoken statesman. "Living life to its fullest" does not come close to describing the achievements that Robeson accomplished in his lifetime. There are few men that can compare to him and few men that ever will.

Happiness and Veronica S Life

Compare and contrast the female characters in ‘Veronica’ and ‘The Necklace’ Both ‘Veronica’ and The Necklace’ concentrate on the female main character, one of the similarities. However the characters are more different than similar. In ‘The Necklace’ there is Mathilde who desires for wealth and popularity. She is seen as desperate. The Necklace was written in 1884 by Guy de Maupassant a French writer. In ‘Veronica’ the main female character is Veronica; a native villager. Veronica is seen as a strong, happy character despite her misgivings in life.Veronica was written in 1995 by Adelwale maja-pearce. Even with their differences the characters have similarities even though their backgrounds are so different. In Veronica the writer is trying to get sympathy from the reader by talking about her background ‘I would lie awake listening to her screams’. This makes the reader feel sorry for Veronica as Adel wale maja-pearce describes Veronica as poor girl with little fortune. However this is quite the opposite with Mahtilde as she is always unsatisfied. The writer is manipulating you to make you believe her character is ungrateful and spoilt.This makes the reader dislike Mahtilde, especially compared to Veronica, as her life is reasonably good. The writer shows Mahtilde’s discontent from the first paragraph, this shows the importance of her discontent. After all it was Mahtilde’s discontent which leads to the misfortune of paying back the debt. The writer uses abstract nouns ‘regret’, ‘despair’, ‘envied’ to show Mahtilde’s superficial view on life. This makes the reader realise what a shallow character Mahtilde is. Also it gives hints of what might happen next in the story. Mathilde is unhappy of with her life and social status. I haven’t got anything to wear’ ‘I haven’t got a single piece of jewelle ry’ this shows she has a desire for more yet not realising her life isn’t as poor as she makes it out to be. The writer never seems to focus on the relationship between Mathilde and Monsieur Loisel but how Mathilde depends on her husband. However her husband still stays with her even when she needs to pay back the necklace. Similarly, Okeke is the only constant character coming back to Veronica. Okeke holds an important role the story; his life contrast is a contrast to Veronica’s life.While Okeke is in the city, Veronica stays in the village. While Okeke is educated, Veronica is not (because she had to look after brothers and sisters). Veronica and Okeke’s relationship shows a friendship and love. On the other hand Mathilde and Monsieur Loisel definitely do not have a strong relationship despite their marriage. Monsieur Loisel isn’t presented as an important character like Okeke is. Perhaps this is because Mathilde character is self-centred theref ore her one and only goal is to be envied. Adewale Maja-pearce presents Veronica as a content woman. ‘God blessed us with a son.Is that not enough? ’ Not only does she realise what she has got but she believes in God. Although the village is in ‘acute poverty’ Veronica never complains and never says she regrets things. She could have moved to the city but she didn’t. She knew her place was in the village even if that would lead her to very little. Now she has a husband and a child. Veronica is happy. But Mathilde is discontent. ‘What earthly use is that to me’ although she would like go Mathilde says she has nothing to wear. She wants to impress the people who are higher up than her. Therefore she is demanding.It makes us wonder if she will ever be happy. Mathilde is always trying to climb the social ladder and she admires (and envies) those who are above her like Madame Forestier. ‘She never called now, for she was always so unhap py afterwards’ Mathilde is ashamed of her social standing. The writer makes us think that Mathilde is power-driven by the wealth she doesn’t have. As a reader we don’t think Mathilde is a partially good character. Compared to Veronica she has a lot more. Mathilde is not that poor – she used to have a servant. However Veronica is happier and accepting of her lot.Section 3 Both Veronica and Mathilde have to deal with destruction in their life. At the party, for the first time Mathilde is ecstatic. It took her a long time to get to this state of happiness. This one night she feels like she fits in. ‘she was the prettiest woman there, elegant, graceful, radiant and wonderfully happy’. She looks the part of a glamorous woman. She looks like she belongs with the wealthy world with her necklace and her expensive dress. It’s a contrast to the rest of the story as finally she is almost living her dream. She even forgets her old life.Now she is shown into a new world. But then the writer puts a twist on the story; Mathilde lost the necklace. However much suffering they had when paying off the debts Mathilde still wouldn’t regret that night. Greed and deception are what sealed her fate. When Mathilde loses the necklace we start to feel sorry for her. We feel sorry because after all this happiness she has a great debt to pay off. However Veronica situation is the opposite as she couldn’t have controlled the war going on. Mathilde self-inflicted the debt as she chose to borrow the necklace.Veronica had to stay in the village as she doesn’t belong in the city. Veronica doesn’t have any education meaning she can’t get a job and get a better life. Veronica is still content with her life even with all the suffering. Mathilde looked everywhere for the necklace and when she couldn’t find it she saw only one option to replace it. Section 4 Both Veronica and Mathilde are surprised to see thei r old friends. Veronica is content at the end as she is happy to see Okeke. For her seeing Okeke is her dying wish. Seeing Okeke means she can die peacefully. Veronica doesn’t want to live; she has nothing to live for.Both her husband and child has died meaning now she is very lonely. Adewale Maja-pearce has used speech to explain veronica’s feelings. This way we can feel Veronica’s point of view – Veronica is ready to die. Veronica now accepts her fate to die. Unlike Veronica’s hardships, which ended in content because she saw Okeke for the last time, Mathilde realises the unnecessary poverty she has been living in. In the ‘Necklace’ To close, both stories are dominated by female characters, their sufferings, 1995 http://www. studymode. com/essays/Discuss-How-Veronica-Is-Portrayed-And-843029. html

Extra Curricular Argumentative Essay

The first advantage of extra-curricular actively Is that It provides exercise. America Is the leading country in child obesity. If sports and other actively are taken away, the obesity rate will most likely go up. Also, exercise helps the brain function better. For example, If a kid Is stuck In a room studying for hours, he will not retain as much knowledge because the brain will be exhausted. Another advantage of extra- curricular activities Is the Increase In classically. The skill of being social Is very crucial In life. People's ability to become part of an organization or make friends sets them apart from other people.An example of when this comes into play is when applying for a job. Almost all jobs require a person to work well with someone else. Also, extra-curricular activities tend to provide motivation for the student. Due to the fact that kids will be doing other activities including school work, as a result, they will be motivated to take the challenge of learning many n ew subjects. A student also has to make a certain grade to stay in sports so this pushes him to work hard and make good grades. Although it is true that kids have less time on their hands for schoolwork; however, this teaches them how to get their priorities straight.When they are older, the kids will have a lot more to focus on at once, and if they do not learn this skill at a young age they may have a very hard time when they grow up. This is another advantage that kids in extra-curricular activities have on others. Some people even say that if there were less activities, kids will focus more on academics. However, some kids use sports and other things as excuses to not do well in school. If a child really wanted to be successful academically, they would not let anything get in their way. A kid's work ethic does not necessarily depend on how much extra time he as.Instead, the extra time could be negative in a way that they could do something In that time to get in trouble. All the se factors show that extra-curricular activities are a very good thing for students. Many valuable characteristics are given due to these activities. I do not think a school system can be successful by only providing an academic curriculum. Extra-curricular activities such as sports, give students exercise, teach them how to be sociable, provide motivation, and even keep them out of trouble. The most successful school curriculum most likely consists of extra- curricular activities.The first advantage of extra-curricular activities is that it provides exercise. America is the leading country in child obesity. If sports and other activities are taken away, the example, if a kid is stuck in a room studying for hours, he will not retain as much curricular activities is the increase in sociability. The skill of being social is very crucial in life. People's ability to become part of an organization or make friends sets applying for a Job. Almost all Jobs require a person to work well wit h someone else. In that time to get in trouble. All these factors show that extra-curricular activities are